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[39], On 16 May 1968 a parachute brigade of two regiments (each of three battalions) was formed which eventually was to grow in size to a full division.[40]. In addition to these 2007 figures, In March 2010, it was reported that the DRC's land forces had ordered USD $80 million worth of military equipment from Ukraine which included 20 T-72 main battle tanks, 100 trucks and various small arms. The Third Defense Zone, which includes the administrative provinces of Maniema, North Kivu, South Kivu and the former Province Orientale. Kazimoto was Joseph Kabila’s logistics assistant when the latter was chief of staff of the land force. Unfortunately, we note with astonishment that they are displaced from their units where they evolved with efficiency to be appointed to administrative posts while generals suspected of collusion with the rebels are appointed in areas of the massacres. French units fought the Battle of Kolwezi to recapture the town from the FLNC. [73] In December 2012 it was reported that members of Army units in the north east of the country are often not paid due to corruption, and these units rarely counter attacks made against villages by the Lord's Resistance Army. There is also a training command, the Groupement des Écoles Supérieurs Militaires (GESM) or Group of Higher Military Schools, which, in January 2010, was under the command of Major General Marcellin Lukama. We are careful so that the true masters of the army are not known. In addition to the other land forces, President Joseph Kabila also has a Republican Guard presidential force (Garde Républicaine or GR), formerly known as the Special Presidential Security Group (GSSP). However these appointments were announced for Kabila's Forces armées congolaises (FAC), not the later FARDC. The presence of General Ilunga Kampete in Kitona also aims for Kabila to have an eye on Angola, which he suspects of supporting Tshisekedi diplomatically. [40] In addition to these units, a tank battalion was reported to have formed by 1979. [70] Mixing these disparate and formerly warring elements together led to mutiny. A. AUGÉ and P. KLAOUSEN, eds, Réformer les armées africaines. North Korea and Tanzania also provided assistance with training. The latter becomes number two in the FARDC because appointed to the very strategic post of the FARDC Deputy Chief of Staff in charge of operations and intelligence, replacing General Amisi Tango Four. The General Insoextorate includes the following people: The available information on armed forces' Chiefs of Staff is incomplete and sometimes contradictory. Dave Renton, David Seddon, Leo Zeilig, "The Congo: Plunder And Resistance", Zed Books, 2007. Other presidential ordinances appoint a hundred colonels and generals to higher ranks to the point of making a senior military intelligence officer say that the FARDC is becoming “an army in the shape of an inverted pyramid. Journal Le Phare, Quotidien indépendant paraissant à Kinshasa, Défense nationale : EFO/Kananga largue 51 pilotes militaires, La journée de l’ONU sous le signe d’un Congo nouveau, Sele à l’écoute de l’Intersyndicale des Finances et Budget, Lundi 24 juin : coup d’envoi de l’Examen d’Etat 2019, Malabo : appel du président de la BAD à l’intégration africaine. Military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Armed Forces of the Republic of the Congo, "Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo", Learn how and when to remove this template message, United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda, United Nations Security Council Resolution 143, he was assuming power until 31 December 1960, United Nations Security Council Resolution 161, 1965 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup d'état, Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola, Rassemblement Démocratique pour le Rwanda, Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo, flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Land Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, United States Special Operations Command Africa, List of equipment of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Army, Republican Guard (Democratic Republic of the Congo), United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Air Force of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Navy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, International Institute for Strategic Studies, United States Central Intelligence Agency, Joseph Kabila continues to over-equip his regime militarily for the upcoming political deadlines – JJ Wondo, http://elischolar.library.yale.edu/applebaum_award/6, "Questions relating to the Situation in the Republic of the Congo (Leopoldville)", Report On The Solidarity Workshop of Defence Officers from Southen African Countries and Members of the DRC Defence Force, Grand Hotel, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 17–19 May, 2004, "CIA man Roberto: Burying the Last of Angola's 'Big Men'", Zaire: The Military Under Mobutu (Deleted), Congo-Zaire's 1996–97 Civil War in the Context of Evolving Patterns of Military Conflict in Africa in the Era of Independence, Democratic Republic of Congo Casualties of War: Civilians, Rule of Law, and Democratic Freedoms, "IRIN-CEA Update No. [36] Tshombe decided to use foreign mercenaries as well as the ANC to suppress the rebellion. According to Jeune Afrique: “This reshuffle enshrines a certain continuity in the military apparatus, despite numerous changes of posts. There were also an armoured car regiment and a mechanised infantry battalion. Apart from privileged formations such as the Presidential Division and the 31st Airborne Brigade, most units were poorly trained, divided and so badly paid that they regularly resorted to looting. He exercised a strong influence onto the popular musical band Wenge Musica BCBG of Werrason, Jb Mpiana, Didier Masela. In the far northeast this is due primarily to the Ituri conflict. Gen. Lutuna Charles Shabani, Land Forces deputy chief of staff for operations and intelligence: Maj. Gen. Kiama Vainqueur Mayala, Land Forces deputy chief of staff for administration and logistics: Maj. Gen. Muyumb Obed Wibatira, Navy deputy chief of staff for operations and intelligence: Rear Adm. Jean-Marie Valentin Linguma Mata Linguma (Vice Adm. from 2018), Navy deputy chief of staff for administration and logistics: Rear Adm. Bruno Mayanga Muena, Air Force deputy chief of staff for operations and intelligence: Brig. President Kabila, in one of the few comments available, says National Service will provide a gainful activity for street children. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. '[157], All military aircraft in the DRC are operated by the Air Force. [17], In August 1960, due to rejection of requests to the UN for aid to suppress the South Kasai and Katanga revolts, Lumumba's government decided to request Soviet help. The National Service is tasked with providing the army with food and with training the youth in a range of reconstruction and developmental activities. In 1971 the army's force consisted of the 1st Groupement at Kananga, with one guard battalion, two infantry battalions, and a gendarmerie battalion attached, and the 2nd Groupement (Kinshasa), the 3rd Groupement (Kisangani), the 4th Groupement (Lubumbashi), the 5th Groupement (Bukavu), the 6th Groupement (Mbandaka), and the 7th Groupement (Boma). Moreover, the wide variety of military equipment and the staggering array of spare parts necessary to maintain it not only clog the logistic network but also are expensive. "[114] A 2007 disarmament and repatriation study said "army units that have not yet gone through the process of brassage are usually much smaller than what they ought to be. They were led by Pierre Mulele, Gaston Soumialot and Christophe Gbenye who were former members of Gizenga's Parti Solidaire Africain (PSA). [17] Thus General Janssens was dismissed. Shortly afterwards, on 22 or 23 August, about 1,000 soldiers left for Kasai. Military training at the Ecole de formation d'officiers (EFO), Kananga, and other courses while in the FAZ. The port at N'dangi was the base for several patrol boats, helicopters and the presidential yacht. Thomas Turner, The Congo Wars: Conflict, Myth, and Reality, 2007, 96-101. He is indexed to be one of the planners of the Beni massacres[13]. Prunier 2009 p.424, Colette Braeckman interview with Kabila in, Prunier says 'on the causes of the mutiny, see, Herbert Weiss, War and Peace in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Political Evolution in Rwanda and Burundi, 1998–1999, Nordic Africa Institute, 2000, p. 13. Joseph Ileo was chosen as the new prime minister and began trying to form a new government. These Groups command five wings and nine squadrons, of which not all are operational. After the destabilization of the country, it is concerned that the Second Defense Zone and the 22th Military Region in Katanga are under command of the rebel Tutsi former general close to the Rwandan general James Kaberebe. U.S. Embassy Kinshasa, 07KINSHASA655 Kabila Replaces Kisempia As Chief Of Congolese Defense Forces, 13 June 2007 (UNCLAS/FOUO). When he was about to finish his matric, his entourage nicknamed him "Vatican" as a state within a state. Jean-Claude Yav was part of the “hawks” of the old Kabila regime. [21] There were immediate suspicions that Belgium planned to re-seize the country while doing so. For example, the tanks of the 1st Armored Brigade often have a nonoperational rate approaching 70 to 80 percent. [79] It stipulated that the armed forces chief of staff, and the chiefs of the army, air force, and navy were not to come from the same warring faction. This force was intended to support the FAC and national police but never became effective.[61]. They were led by Pierre Mulele, Gaston Soumialot and Christophe Gbenye who were former members of Gizenga's Parti Solidaire Africain (PSA). The force, supported by South African aircraft and three 140 mm artillery pieces,[50] marched in a single line along the Bengo River to face an 800-strong Cuban force across the river. Apart from privileged formations such as the Presidential Division and the 31st Airborne Brigade, most units were poorly trained, divided and so badly paid that they regularly resorted to looting. In 1971 the army's force consisted of the 1st Groupement at Kananga, with one guard battalion, two infantry battalions, and a gendarmerie battalion attached, and the 2nd Groupement (Kinshasa), the 3rd Groupement (Kisangani), the 4th Groupement (Lubumbashi), the 5th Groupement (Bukavu), the 6th Groupement (Mbandaka), and the 7th Groupement (Boma). On being asked by Belgian journalist Colette Braeckman what was the actual army command structure apart from himself, Kabila answered 'We are not going to expose ourselves and risk being destroyed by showing ourselves openly... . .. The majority of FARDC members are land forces, but it also has a small air force and an even smaller navy. The last Belgian troops left the country by 23 July, as United Nations forces continued to deploy throughout the Congo. He added that the reform plan rests on a programme of synergy based on the four pillars of dissuasion, production, reconstruction and excellence. 16th and 17th Brigades (integrated) (beginning 'brassage' integration process on 30 May 2007, both over 4,000 strong at the beginning of the process), 103rd Brigade (integrated)—previously designated 11th Brigade. Another way to support us is to buy our analyst books and paid articles. It appears that Maurice Mpolo, Minister of Youth and Sports, was given the defence portfolio. President Mobutu sent a team of his guards to take Kongulu back home. This unit, led at the time by the late General Joseph Nsau, had rallied the AFDL during the capture of Lubumbashi. Wetshi said that all key military and security questions were handled in total secrecy by the President and other civil and military personalities trusted by him, such as John Numbi, Gabriel Amisi Kumba ('Tango Four'), Delphin Kahimbi, and others such as Kalev Mutond and Pierre Lumbi Okongo. Kamanyola Division units collapsed almost immediately. It took until the end of the year to completely put down the remaining areas of rebellion. Included in this law was article 45, which recognised the incorporation of a number of armed groups into the FARDC, including the former government army Forces Armées Congolaises (FAC), ex-FAZ personnel also known as former President Mobutu's 'les tigres', the RCD-Goma, RCD-ML, RCD-N, MLC, the Mai-Mai, as well as other government-determined military and paramilitary groups. On 9 July 1960, there was a Force Publique mutiny at Camp Massart at Elizabethville;[21] five or seven Europeans were killed. They lived in Kinshasa. For Bahigwa, see Omosombo, 2009, 25. [54] In addition to these units, a tank battalion was reported to have formed by 1979. It is organized into three battalions assigned to Mbandaka, Kisangani, and Kamina, but only the battalion at Kamina is adequately staffed; the others are little more than skeleton" units. [43] It was eventually commanded by Général d'armée Kpama Baramoto Kata. Issue 11—2002. Finally there is a government paramilitary force, created in 1997 under President Laurent Kabila. Available for sale on Amazon : https://www.amazon.fr/Lessentiel-sociologie-politique-militaire-africaine/dp/1080881778 . [10] In 1908, under international pressure, Leopold ceded administration of the colony to the government of Belgium as the Belgian Congo. When Kabila visited U.S. President George W. Bush in Washington D.C., he also asked the U.S. Government to train a battalion, and as a result, a private contractor, Protection Strategies Incorporated, started training a FARDC battalion at Camp Base, Kisangani, in February 2010. In addition, John Numbi, relieved of his official functions, as between 2010 and 2018, can now relocate freely in Katanga, where he had installed the security device in 2015 to neutralize the network of influence of Katumbi, to coordinate and follow quietly. Three years later, the battalion broke and ran in the face of M23, raping women and young girls, looting, and carrying out arbitrary executions. It also provided for the creation of a Conseil Superieur de la Defense (Superior Defence Council) which would declare states of siege or war and give advice on security sector reform, disarmament/demobilization, and national defence policy. To Hammarskjöld, the secession of Katanga was an internal Congolese matter and the UN was forbidden to intervene by Article 2 of the United Nations Charter. [90] In December 2012 it was reported that members of Army units in the north east of the country are often not paid due to corruption, and these units rarely counter attacks made against villages by the Lord's Resistance Army. [11] https://www.jeuneafrique.com/231029/politique/rdc-phil-mon-yav-le-tigre-de-kabila/ . He previously held the position of Commander of the Third Defense Zone in the east of the country. [13] There were immediate suspicions that Belgium planned to re-seize the country while doing so. [65] Nkunda began his long series of revolts against central authority by helping Mutebusi in May–June 2004. 213—228, accessed at. There was another major personnel reshuffle on 12 June 2007. [158], Like the other services, the Congolese Air Force is not capable of carrying out its responsibilities. [72], On 22 November 2012, Gabriel Amisi Kumba was suspended from his position in the Forces Terrestres by president Joseph Kabila due to an inquiry into his alleged role in the sale of arms to various rebel groups in the eastern part of the country, which may have implicated the rebel group M23. [83] General Gabriel Amisi Kumba retained his post as Land Forces commander. He tied individual officers to him by controlling their promotion and the flow of money for payrolls. [138], The GR is also supposed to undergo the integration process, but in January 2007, only one battalion had been announced as having been integrated. The Land Forces are distributed around ten military regions, up from the previous eight, following the ten provinces of the country. Elements of the Force Publique were also used to form Belgian colonial units that fought in the East African Campaign during World War II. He also redeployed his forces throughout the country instead of keeping them close to Kinshasa, as had previously been the case. Included in this law was article 45, which recognized the incorporation of a number of armed groups into the FARDC, including the former government army Forces Armées Congolaises (FAC), ex-FAZ personnel also known as former President Mobutu's 'les tigres', the RCD-Goma, RCD-ML, RCD-N, MLC, the Mai-Mai, as well as other government-determined military and paramilitary groups. Emizet, 'Explaining the rise and fall of military regimes: civil-military relations in the Congo,' Armed Forces and Society, Winter 2000. The port at N'dangi was the base for several patrol boats, helicopters and the presidential yacht. The most important factor that negatively affects maintenance is the low and irregular pay that soldiers receive, resulting in the theft and sale of spare parts and even basic equipment to supplement their meager salaries. 1 Air Group is located at Kinshasa and consists of Liaison Wing, Training Wing and Logistical Wing and has a strength of five squadrons. The defense zones essentially created a new layer between the general staff and the provincial commanders. His mother was the President's first wife Marie-Antoinette Mobutu, who died in 1977. 06KINSHASA1260, 10 August 2006, and Turner, 2007, 139. Learn how your comment data is processed. Rwanda eventually backed Laurent-Désiré Kabila and his quickly organised Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (AFDL) in invading Zaire, aiming to stop the attacks on Rwanda in the process of toppling Mobutu's government. [50] All this occurred against the background of increasing deterioration of state structures under the kleptocratic Mobutu regime. Thomas Turner, Chapter 14: Flying High Above the Toads: Mobutu and Stalemated Democracy, in John F. Clark, David E. Gardinier, Political Reform in Francophone Africa, Westview Press, Boulder, CO., 1997, 248, citing Diocese of Idiofa, "Le soulèvement dit Kasongo", La vie diocésaine d'Idiofa, no. General Tunda Buamunda is also a member of the National Security Council (CNS) headed by François Beya with whom he shares the same Lulua tribal origin of Kasai-Central and with which he is very close. He implemented sweeping reforms of the command structure, including wholesale firings of high-ranking officers. 2 Tactical Air Group is located at Kaminia and consists of Pursuit and Attack Wing and Tactical Transport Wing and has a strength of four squadrons. Colonel S.C. Davis, British Military Attache Kinshasa, Report on the Zairean Armed Forces for the Period Apr 1971 – Apr 1972, DA/KIN/76, 5 May 1972, Editions Service d'Education d'Information, 'L'Armée nationale congolaise 1960-1970,' Etat-Major General de l'ANC, November 1970, via. The authors of the Library of Congress Country Study on Zaire commented in 1992-93 that: "The maintenance status of equipment in the inventory has traditionally varied, depending on a unit's priority and the presence or absence of foreign advisers and technicians. After his speech, Kasa-Vubu and the ministers present retired into the camp canteen to hear a delegation from the soldiers. He is a general who never ceased to show absolute loyalty and allegiance to Kabila. In 2010–11 the three services may have numbered between 144,000 and 159,000 personnel. The FARDC is being rebuilt as part of the peace process which followed the end of the Second Congo War in July 2003. Harvey M. Applebaum '59 Award. Following assurances that contingents of the Force would arrive in sufficient numbers, the Belgian authorities agreed to withdraw all their forces from the Leopoldville area by 23 July. Foreign private military companies have reportedly been contracted to provide the DRC's aerial reconnaissance capability using small propeller aircraft fitted with sophisticated equipment. On 24 January 2004, a decree created the Structure Militaire d'Intégration (SMI, Military Integration Structure). FARDC military officials state that the Garde Républicaine is not the responsibility of FARDC, but of the Head of State. [5] When troops entered the city on May 17, Defense Minister, General Donatien Mahele Lieko Bokungu tried to negotiate and was shot dead; it has been claimed that Kongulu had a role in his killing at Camp Tshashi. [138] Apart from Article 140 of the Law on the Army and Defence, no legal stipulation on the DRC's Armed Forces makes provision for the GR as a distinct unit within the national army. The MONUSCO was then suspended cooperation with the FARDC, accusing him of serious allegations of violations of rights human[16]. [147], Like the other services, the Congolese Air Force is not capable of carrying out its responsibilities. Responding to the situation, the Congolese Minister of Defence presented a new defence reform master plan to the international community in February 2008. The latter is raised at the same time to the highest rank of the FARDC, that of army general (four stars). Without requiring the Head of State to create a new army and to appoint his own generals, there are, however, good officers and unit commanders within the FARDC. 737 for 17 August (19990817)", "Russia gets involved in reform of the Congolese Armed Forces", "RDC : le président Kabila suspend le général major Amisi, le chef des forces terrestres", "Hollande discusses Central Africa troop presence with DRC’s Kabila in Paris", "Les Fardc lavées des accusations et rayées de la liste noire des Nations Unies", http://www.icrc.org/Web/fre/sitefre0.nsf/htmlall/congo-kinshasa-newsletter-190410/$File/CICR%20bulletin.pdf, Decret 106/2002 portant création d’un groupement des écoles supérieures militaires des Forces armées congolaises. Prunier says 'on the causes of the mutiny, see, Herbert Weiss, War and Peace in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Political Evolution in Rwanda and Burundi, 1998-1999, Nordic Africa Institute, 2000, p.13. [145] 20 x T-72 have been reported by World Defence Almanac. L’activité a eu lieu dans la cour de l’Académie Militaire de Kananga (ex – EFO), où plusieurs personnalités politiques, administratives et militaires se sont donné rendez-vous pour y participer. The army's logistics corps [was tasked].. to provide logistic support and conduct direct, indirect, and depot-level maintenance for the FAZ. The FARDC was rebuilt patchily as part of the peace process which followed the end of the Second Congo War in July 2003. Foreign private military companies have reportedly been contracted to provide the DRC's aerial reconnaissance capability using small propeller aircraft fitted with sophisticated equipment. In November 2004 a Rwandan government force entered North Kivu to attack the FDLR, and, it seems, reinforced and resupplied RCD-Goma (ANC) at the same time. [150], There are currently large numbers of United Nations troops stationed in the DRC. DESC is a benchmark strategic think-tank in terms of global security, geopolitical issues, as well as legal, socio-political analyzes and economic interests of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and mid-Africa. The first post-Sun City military law appears to have been passed on 12 November 2004, which formally created the new national Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo (FARDC). Après les allocutions, les nouvelles troupes intégrées ont défilé devant le Commissaire Spécial Alex Kande Mupompa, représentant du Chef de l’Etat et Commandant Suprême des Fardc et de la PNC, au Kasaï Central. [11] The highest rank available to Congolese was adjutant, which only four soldiers achieved before independence. Three battalions deployed along Eastern borders, 'One of the most neglected units in the Zairean ground forces. The Force Publique saw combat in Cameroun, and successfully invaded and conquered areas of German East Africa, notably present day Rwanda, during World War I. In French, 'Loi No 04/023 du 12 novembre 2004 portant Organisation Générale de defence et des forces armées.'. Senior officers often kept the money intended for the soldiers, typifying a generally disreputable and inept senior leadership in the FAZ. No ISBN. The first UN troops arrived the next day but there was instant disagreement between Lumumba and the UN over the new force's mandate. 'Modest combat capability', that the defence portfolio not be given to the Prime Minister, and that the commander-in-chief and chief of staff should not necessarily be Belgians, Civic, Patriotic Education and Social Actions, Directorate of Studies, Planning and Military Cooperation, Directorate of Penitentiary Administration, Administrative, logistics and services unit, FARDC land forces chief of staff: General Sylvain Buki (RCD-G), FARDC air force chief of staff: Brigadier General Jean Bitanihirwa Kamara (MLC). Others stayed with their units but were ineffective. On 8–9 July 1960, the soldiers were invited to appoint black officers, and 'command of the army passed securely into the hands of former sergeants,' as the soldiers in general chose the most-educated and highest-ranked Congolese army soldiers as their new officers. FARDC chief General Kisempia Sungilanga Lombe was replaced with General Dieudonne Kayembe Mbandankulu. 7th Brigade (integrated), finished forming Kitona March 2006. [20], United Nations Security Council Resolution 161 of 21 February 1961, called for the withdrawal of Belgian officers from command positions in the ANC, and the training of new Congolese officers with UN help. Kongulu had no influence on DSP soldiers. The UN reacted quickly and established the United Nations Operation in the Congo (ONUC). Thomas Turner wrote in the late 1990s that "[m]ajor acts of violence, such as the killings that followed the "Kasongo uprising" in Bandundu Region in 1978, the killings of diamond miners in Kasai-Oriental Region in 1979, and, more recently, the massacre of students in Lubumbashi in 1990, continued to intimidate the population."[58]. Various sources also refer to numbered Naval Regions. At the 14th Military Region, which covers the city province of Kinshasa, the Brigadier General Hugo Ilondo Ifondo. American maintenance teams working in Zaire found that providing a free lunch to the work force was a good, sometimes the only, technique to motivate personnel to work at least half of the duty day. Contact us One of its installations was at the village of N'dangi near the presidential residence in Gbadolite. Général d'armée Louis Bobozo, and Generaux de Corps d'Armée Nyamaseko Mata Bokongo, Nzoigba Yeu Ngoli, Muke Massaku, Ingila Grima, Itambo Kambala Wa Mukina, Tshinyama Mpemba, and General de Division Yossa Yi Ayira, the last having been commander of the Kamina base, were all retired on 25 July 1972. There is known to be a Military Intelligence branch – Service du Renseignement militaire (SRM), the former DEMIAP. – DESC, 14 octobre 2019. https://desc-wondo.org/qui-est-lex-rebelle-upc-et-general-jacques-itshalingoza-nduru-le-nouveau-commandant-de-sokola-1-a-beni-jj-wondo/. Formed at a brassage centre in the Kinshasa suburb of Kibomango, the battalion included 800 men, half from the former GSSP and half from the MLC and RCD Goma.[138]. Thus the Battle of Quifangondo began. This was because the Force Publique had always only been officered by Belgian or other expatriate whites. He did not like it. It also provided for the creation of a Conseil Superieur de la Defense (Superior Defence Council) which would declare states of siege or war and give advice on security sector reform, disarmament/demobilization, and national defence policy. [18] The Simba Battalion, a battalion made up at the time only of former Air Force soldiers – Numbi was the Chief of Staff of the Air Force before becoming the Chief of the Congolese National Police – united within the PIR to form an Anti-Terrorist Unit.

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